Chapter I: Climate change resilience for sustainable development
- The international consensus on sustainable development
- Moving climate resilience forward in implementing the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - Climate change and variability, and the uneven impacts of climate hazards
- Uneven impacts across countries
- Uneven impacts across population groups
- Uneven impacts within population groups
- A framework for understanding risk and policy
- Exposure, vulnerability and structural inequalities
- Transformative policies for climate resilience
- Organization of the chapters of this Survey
Appendix I.1: Uncertainty of the prospects for the global distribution of income in 2050
based on alternative development pathways
Chapter II: Climate change and inequality nexus
- Introduction
- The social impact of climate change
- Poverty and livelihoods
- From poverty and inequality to structural inequalities
- Links between climate hazards and inequalities
- Inequalities increase the risk of climate hazards
- Multidimensional channels of inequality
- Inequalities and exposure to climate hazards
- The confluence of economic and political factors
- Demographic trends
- Gender and livelihood patterns
- Inequalities and susceptibility to climate hazards
- Income, assets and livelihoods
- Gender and age
- Ethnicity and race
- Susceptibility to health damage
- Inequalities and the ability to cope and recover
- Recovery trajectories
- Coping capacity using own resources
- Importance of insurance
- The choice between human and physical capital
- Diversification capacity and adaptive strategies
- Common property, ecosystems and social resources
- The role of public resources
- Policy implications
Appendix II.1: Approaches to managing the risks of climate change through adaptation
Chapter III: Bringing inequalities to the forefront of climate assessments
- Introduction
- The integrated approach to climate impact assessments
- Analytical steps and strengths of the integrated approach
- Emphasis on mitigation and long-term climate change
- Insufficient analysis of the macroeconomic feasibility of policies
- The tendency to exclude inequalities or address
them inadequately
- Analytical dimensions of inequalities in climate impact assessments
- Livelihoods and climate-sensitive natural resources
- Ownership of production factors and income distribution
- Human capital, public services and resources
- Socioeconomic characteristics at the household level
- Vulnerability through the lens of stakeholders
- Challenges going forward
Appendix III.1: Determinants of vulnerability and resilience: a household survey-based analysis
Chapter IV: Coherent, participatory and adaptive policymaking for climate resilience
- Introduction
- Increasing policy coherence and integration across sectors
- Integration in support of a multisectoral approach
- Integrated policies that promote co-benefits
- A need for coherent policies to prevent maladaptation
- Overcoming constraints on integration
- Involving all stakeholders in identifying risks and implementing solutions
- Why involve all stakeholders?
- Ensuring equitable participation
- Taking advantage of local knowledge
- Taking advantage of local social networks
- The need for an iterative and flexible policy process to cope with uncertainties
- Uncertainty
- An iterative policy process
- Low- or no-regret interventions
- Final considerations
Chapter V: Enhanced cooperation for climate-resilient development
- Introduction
- Financing local climate adaptation at a global scale
- The many ways to count to $100 billion
- Explaining the adaptation financing gap
- Overcoming barriers: policy scenarios for scaling up adaptation finance
- Data and statistics for climate resilience
- Missing data on vulnerable population groups
- Improving statistics and indicators for addressing climate change vulnerability
- Foundations for partnerships going forward